PURO-DHFR Quadrifunctional Marker and its use in Protein Production

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to industrial production of proteins. More specifically, the invention relates to the res-DHFR surrogate marker, which corresponds to a fusion between DHFR and a protein conferring resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic advantage. The invention further relates to the use of res-DHFR for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest. The invention is illustrated by the Puro-DHFR surrogate marker, which corresponds to a fusion between the puromycin N-acetyltransferase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to industrial production of proteins. More specifically, the invention relates to the res-DHFR surrogate marker, which corresponds to a fusion between DHFR and a protein conferring resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic advantage. The invention further relates to the use of res-DHFR for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest. The invention is illustrated by the Puro-DHFR surrogate marker, which corresponds to a fusion between the puromycin N-acetyltransferase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).

BACKGROUND

Introducing heterologous genes into animal host cells and screening for expression of the added genes is a lengthy and complicated process. Typically a number of hurdles have to be overcome: (i) the construction of large expression vectors; (ii) the transfection and selection of clones with stable long-term expression, eventually in the absence of selective pressure; and (iii) screening for high expression rates of the heterologous protein of interest.

1. Selection of Clones Expressing the Heterologous Gene

Selection of the clones having integrated the gene of interest is performed using a selection marker conferring resistance to a selective pressure. Most of the selection markers confer resistance to an antibiotic such as, e.g., neomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, puromycin, zeocin or bleomycin.

When generating cell clones expressing a gene of interest from expression vectors, host cells are typically transfected with a plasmid DNA vector encoding both the protein of interest and the selection marker on the same vector. Quite often the capacity of a plasmid is limited and the selection marker has to be expressed from a second plasmid, which is co-transfected with the plasmid comprising the gene of interest.

Stable transfection leads to random integration of the expression vector in the genome of the host cell. Use of selective pressure, e.g. by administrating an antibiotic to the media, will eliminate all cells that did not integrate the vector containing the selection marker providing resistance to the respective antibiotic or selective pressure. If this selection marker is on the same vector as the gene of interest or, if this selection marker is on a second vector and vector comprising the gene of interest was co-integrated, the cells will express both the selection marker and the gene of interest. It is frequently observed, however, that the expression level of the gene of interest is highly variable depending on the site of integration.

Furthermore, when removing selective pressure, expression becomes quite often very unstable or even extinguished. Only a small number of initial transfectants are thus providing high and stable long-term expression and it is time-consuming to identify these clones in a large population of candidates. Typically, high expressing candidates are isolated and then cultivated in absence of selective pressure. Under these conditions a large proportion of initially selected candidates are eliminated due to their loss of gene of interest expression upon removal of selective pressure. It would thus be advantageous to cultivate the candidates, following an initial period of selection for stable transfection, in absence of selective pressure and only then screen for gene of interest expression.

2. Screening for High Expressing Clones

Screening for high-expressing clones for a protein of interest is often done by methods directly revealing the presence of high amounts of the protein. Typically immunologic methods, such as ELISA or immunohistochemical staining, are applied to detect the product either intracellularly or in cell culture supernatants. These methods are tedious, expensive, time-consuming, and often not amenable to high throughput screenings (HTS). In addition, an antibody reactive to the expressed protein must be available.

Attempts to quantify the protein amounts by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) have also been made, but only with a limited success, especially in the case of secreted proteins (Borth et al., 2000)

One approach for the screening of high expression rates of the protein of interest would be the use of an easily measurable surrogate marker, expressed from the same vector as the gene of interest (Chesnut et al., 1996). The idea underlying the use of a measurable surrogate marker is that there is a correlation between the expression of the gene of interest and the surrogate marker gene due to the physical link of the two genes on the same vector.

Numerous easily measurable markers are available in the art. They usually correspond to enzymes, which act on a chromogenic or luminogenic substrate such as, e.g., the β-glucuronidase, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, the nopaline synthase, the β-galactosidase, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and the DHFR. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) may also be used as a measurable marker in FACS. The activity of all these proteins can be measured by standard assays that may be used in HTS.

The drawback of this approach is the use of yet another expression cassette for the surrogate marker gene. This renders the expression vector rather bulky, hosting expression units comprising a promoter, a cDNA and polyadenylation signals for at least three proteins (i.e., the gene of interest, the selection marker and the surrogate marker). For multi-chain proteins the situation becomes even more complex. Alternatively, individual plasmid vectors expressing the three genes, which encode the protein of interest, the selection marker and the surrogate marker respectively, could be co-transfected. However, it is likely that the vectors would be either integrated at different loci, or exhibit varying and uncorrelated expression.

A promising approach for overcoming the above limitations consists in the use of a chimeric marker that combines the functional properties of a selection marker and of a measurable marker.

Such bifunctional markers have been described by, e.g., Bennett et al. (1998), Imhof and Chatellard (2006) and Dupraz and Kobr (2007). Bennett et al. (1998) disclose the GFP-Zeo^(R) marker, which confers resistance to Zeocin antibiotic, which corresponds to a fusion protein between the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and a protein conferring resistance to zeocin. Imhof and Chatellard (2006) disclose the Lupac marker, which corresponds to a fusion between the firefly luciferase protein and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin. Dupraz and Kobr (2007) discloses the PuroLT marker, which corresponds to a fusion protein between the synthetic peptide described by Griffin et al. (1998) and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin.

Miller et al. (2005), in an article showing that fluorescent TMP is an alternative to fluorescent MTX, discloses a fusion protein between a protein conferring resistance to puromycin and a DHFR of bacterial origin. DHFR is used as measurable marker that can be detected by binding to fluorescent MTX or to fluorescent TMP. This article envisions the use of the fusion protein in the field of siRNA gene silencing.

Hence, all markers available for the selection of clones expressing high levels of a recombinant protein correspond to bifunctional markers, which confer resistance to a single toxic compound.

In addition to the bifunctional marker, the vectors used for generating high producer clones usually comprise an amplifiable gene that leads to an increase in copy number when under selective pressure. The copy number of a gene of interest positioned adjacent to the amplifiable gene will also increase, thus leading to the establishment of clones expressing high levels of the protein of interest (Kaufman et al., 1985; Kaufman et al., 1986; Kim et al., 2001; Omasa, 2002). Commonly used amplifiable genes include e.g. dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), Glutamine synthetase (GS), multiple drug resistance gene (MDR), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate resistance (CAD).

The finding of a novel and powerful chimeric surrogate marker, conferring resistance to more than one toxic compound and also allowing gene amplification, would be extremely useful in the field of industrial production of therapeutic proteins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention stems from the construction and characterization of a novel quadrifunctional marker, Puro-DHFR. Puro-DHFR corresponds to a fusion protein between DHFR and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin, the puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac). It has been demonstrated that Puro-DHFR combines the functional properties of both pac and DHFR. More specifically, Puro-DHFR is a quadrifunctional marker allowing to (i) select cells for resistance to puromycin; (ii) select cells for resistance to DHFR; (iii) carry out gene amplification; and (iv) sort cells through fluorescence intensity. Puro-DHFR's usefulness for the isolation of high-expressing clones for a therapeutic protein has further been demonstrated.

Therefore, a first aspect of the invention relates to a method of screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   a) transfecting cells by a an expression vector encoding (i) a         res-DHFR chimeric protein comprising a functional fragment of         dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) fused to a fragment conferring         resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic         advantage; and (ii) a protein of interest;     -   b) selecting cells being resistant to said toxic compound or         gaining said metabolic advantage; and     -   c) assaying the fluorescence of the cells selected in step (ii)         with a fluorescent compound binding to DHFR.         wherein said protein conferring resistance to a toxic compound         or conferring a metabolic advantage is not DHFR.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   a) screening cells according to a method of the invention; and     -   b) establishing a cell line from said cells.

A third aspect of the invention relates to a method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   a) culturing a cell line obtained according to the above method         under conditions which permit expression of said protein of         interest; and     -   b) collecting said protein of interest.

A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a res-DHFR polypeptide comprising a functional fragment of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) fused to a fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic advantage, wherein said protein conferring resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic advantage is not DHFR.

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a nucleic acid encoding a res-DHFR polypeptide in accordance with the invention.

A sixth aspect of the invention relates to a res-DHFR vector comprising a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention.

A seventh aspect of the invention relates to a res-DHFR cell comprising a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention.

Further aspects of the invention relate to the use of the res-DHFR cell of the invention for producing a protein of interest, to the use of a res-DHFR polypeptide for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, to the use of a res-DHFR nucleic acid for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, and to the use of a res-DHFR vector for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the plasmids & reporter vectors used in the Examples. A.: pSV40-DHFR-1474; B.: pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro-279; C.: pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325. 1: gene conferring resistance to ampicillin; 2: f1 origin of replication; 3: synthetic polyadenylation signal; 4: SV40 promoter; 5: mCMV(IE1) promoter; 6: gene conferring resistance to DHFR; 7: SV40 polyadenylation signal; 8: SEAP gene; 9: poliovirus IRES; 10: gene conferring resistance to puromycin (puromycin N-acetyltransferase); 11: Puro-DHFR marker. All vectors further contain the ColE1-derived plasmid origin of replication.

FIG. 2 is a scheme representing the experiment for selecting clones transfected with the plasmids & reporter vectors.

FIG. 3 compares the viability of DXB11-F10 CHO cells transfected with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector with the viability of untransfected DXB11-F10 CHO cells (control) during the selection process. The experiment was performed in the absence of HT and in the absence of puromycin (—HT), in the presence of HT and in the presence of puromycin at 10 mg/L (Puromycin), and in the absence of HT and in the presence of puromycin (—HT/Puromycin).

FIG. 4 shows the productivity of alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in batch cultures of DXB11-F10 CHO cells transfected with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector. The experiment was performed in the absence of HT and in the absence of puromycin (—HT), in the presence of HT and in the presence of puromycin at 10 mg/L (Puromycin), in the absence of HT and in the presence of puromycin (—HT/Puromycin), and in the absence of HT and in the presence of MTX (50 nM) (—HT/MTX).

FIG. 5 shows the fluorescence of DXB11-F10 CHO cells transfected with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector grown in different selection media and stained with fluorescent methotrexate (F-MTX).

FIG. 6 compares CHO—S cells transfected with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector that encodes the puro-DHFR marker (p325) with CHO—S cells transfected with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro-279 vector that encodes puromycin N-acetyl transferase (p279). A.: Productivity of alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) B.: Gene copy number of the marker (puro-DHFR or puromycin N-acetyl transferase) C.: Relative SEAP mRNA expression level.

FIG. 7 shows the fluorescence of CHO—S cells transfected either with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector (p325) or with the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro-279 vector (p279) grown in different selection media. “Phase contrast” corresponds to the optical technique used to generate images of biological samples based on differences of the refractive index of the specimen in white light.

FIG. 8 shows the changes in Puro-DHFR copy number in clones of CHO—S cells stably transfected with pmCMV(IE1)-SEAP-IRES-Puro-DHFR-325 after cultivation in selective medium containing either puromycin or puromycin plus 100 nM MTX.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES OF THE INVENTION

SEQ ID Nos. 1 and 2 respectively correspond to the nucleic acid and to the polypeptide sequences of a Puro-DHFR marker in accordance with the invention.

SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 4 respectively correspond to the nucleic acid and to the polypeptide sequences of Streptomyces alboniger puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac).

SEQ ID Nos. 5 and 6 respectively correspond to the nucleic acid and to the polypeptide sequences of murine DHFR.

SEQ ID Nos. 7 to 10 correspond to primers used when constructing the Puro-DHFR marker in accordance with the invention (Example 1).

SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 16 correspond to oligonucleotides used when detecting the gene copy numbers by QPCR (Example 3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention stems from the construction and characterization of a novel quadrifunctional chimeric marker referred to as res-DHFR. The invention more specifically discloses a res-DHFR polypeptide referred to as Puro-DHFR, which corresponds to a fusion protein between DHFR and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin, the puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac).

It has been demonstrated that Puro-DHFR is a quadrifunctional marker that combines the functional properties of DHFR and of pac (Example 2). Accordingly, the Puro-DHFR marker can be used:

-   -   as a selectable marker in combination with the puromycin toxic         compound;     -   as a selectable marker in combination with the MTX toxic         compound;     -   as an amplifiable gene; and     -   as an easily measurable surrogate that can be detected both by         microscope and by FACS.

Puro-DHFR's usefulness for the isolation of high-expressing clones for a protein of interest has further been demonstrated. In Example 3, a vector comprising Puro-DHFR and a gene of interest, expressed from the same promoter and separated by an IRES, has been constructed. It has been shown that there is a very good positive correlation between Puro-DHFR expression levels and expression levels of the gene of interest.

Accordingly, the present invention provides powerful markers that can be used to provide selectivity in stable transfection, to induce gene amplification of the gene of interest, and which acts as a surrogate marker for screening candidate clones for high expression of a gene of interest. Using res-DHFR, linked to a protein of interest in a dicistronic configuration, allows keeping the same chance for selecting high-expressing clones as when the expression level of the gene of interest is measured directly. Moreover, using res-DHFR allows reducing time, cost and resources since (i) standardized product-independent and simple analysis is performed; and (ii) high expressors can be selected using a FACS.

1. Polypeptides of the Invention

The polypeptide according to the invention is a chimeric protein comprising a functional fragment of a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) fused to a fragment conferring either resistance to a toxic compound or a metabolic advantage, wherein said fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound or a metabolic advantage is not DHFR or a fragment thereof. Such a chimeric protein will further be referred to as “polypeptide in accordance with the invention” or “res-DHFR” within this specification.

The fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound may be selected from the group consisting of a puromycin N-acetyltransferase (used in combination with the toxic compound puromycin), a neomycin phosphotransferase type II (used in combination with the toxic compound neomycin), a kanamycin phosphotransferase type II (used in combination with the toxic compound kanamycin), a neomycin-kanamycin phosphotransferase type II (used in combination with the toxic compounds neomycin and/or kanamycin), a hygromycin phosphotransferase (used in combination with the toxic compound hygromycin), a gentamycin acetyltransferase (used in combination with the toxic compound gentamycin), a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (used in combination with the toxic compound chloramphenicol), a zeocin resistance protein (used in combination with the toxic compound zeocin) and a bleomycin resistance protein (used in combination with the toxic compound bleomycin).

In the frame of the present invention “a fragment conferring a metabolic advantage” means that said fragment confers to a cell the ability to grow in the absence of a compound. For example, the glutamine synthetase (GS) protein confers to CHO cells the ability to grow in the absence of glutamine. Thus the fragment conferring a metabolic advantage may e.g. correspond to glutamine synthetase (GS) or a functional fragment thereof.

The term “functional fragment of DHFR” refers to a fragment of a polypeptide that is a member of the dihydrofolate reductase family (EC 1.5.1.3), and that catalyzes the following enzymatic reaction:

5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate+NADP⁺=7,8-dihydrofolate+NADPH

As used herein, the term “dihydrofolate reductase activity” refers to the catalysis of the above reaction. This activity may be measured, e.g., by determining the ability to confer resistance to the toxic compound methotrexate (MTX) to a cell as described in Example 1.2, or by determining the ability to increase the gene copy number in the presence of MTX as described in Example 1.4. Alternatively, the DHFR activity can be demonstrated by the ability of a DHFR-negative cell transfected with Puro-DHFR to grow in a medium devoid of thymidine and/or hypoxanthine.

In a preferred embodiment, the functional fragment of DHFR is derived from mouse, and is a functional fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. This fragment may comprise at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 or 187 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 6. Most preferably, said functional fragment of DHFR comprises amino acids 200 to 385 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the res-DHFR polypeptide of the invention comprises a fragment of DHFR fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Puro-DHFR polypeptide exhibits (i) dihydrofolate reductase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity. As further used herein, the term “a Puro-DHFR polypeptide” or “Puro-DHFR” refers to such a polypeptide.

As used herein, a polypeptide exhibits “puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity” when said polypeptide is capable of conferring resistance to puromycin to a cell. The puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity can for example be measured as described in Example 1.2.

The fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase may be derived from a Streptomyces species such as, e.g., Streptomyces alboniger or Streptomyces coelicolor. Preferably, the Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprises a fragment of a Streptomyces alboniger pac. As used herein, the term “Streptomyces alboniger pac” refers to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 or to an allelic variant, a splice variant or a mutein thereof. More Preferably, the pac fragment comprises amino acids 200 to 385 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Alternatively, said fragment of a Streptomyces alboniger pac can comprise at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 or 175 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 4 as long as it retains puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity.

In a Puro-DHFR polypeptide, the DHFR fragment may be fused to the 3′ terminus of the pac fragment, or the pac fragment may be fused to the 3′ terminus of the DHFR fragment. Preferably, the DHFR fragment is fused to the 3′ terminus of the pac fragment.

In a most preferred embodiment, the Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another most preferred embodiment, the Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence at least 50% identical, more preferably at least 60% identical, and still more preferably at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.

As used herein, the term “mutein” refers to an analog of a naturally occurring polypeptide, in which one or more of the amino acid residues of a naturally occurring polypeptide are replaced by different amino acid residues, or are deleted, or one or more amino acid residues are added to the naturally occurring sequence of the polypeptide, without lowering considerably the activity of the resulting products as compared with the naturally occurring polypeptide. These muteins are prepared by known synthesis and/or by site-directed mutagenesis techniques, or any other known technique suitable therefore. Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of murine DHFR that can be used in accordance with the present invention, or nucleic acids encoding the muteins, including a finite set of substantially corresponding sequences as substitution peptides or polynucleotides which can be routinely obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation, based on the teachings and guidance presented herein.

Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of murine DHFR in accordance with the present invention include proteins encoded by a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, which hybridizes to DNA or RNA, which encodes pac or DHFR, in accordance with the present invention, under moderately or highly stringent conditions. The term “stringent conditions” refers to hybridization and subsequent washing conditions, which those of ordinary skill in the art conventionally refer to as “stringent”. See Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, Interscience, N.Y., §6.3 and 6.4 (1987, 1992), and Sambrook et al. (Sambrook, J. C., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

Without limitation, examples of stringent conditions include washing conditions 12-20° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid under study in, e.g., 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS for 5 minutes, 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes; 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 37° C. for 30-60 minutes and then, a 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 68° C. for 30-60 minutes. Those of ordinary skill in this art understand that stringency conditions also depend on the length of the DNA sequences, oligonucleotide probes (such as 10-40 bases) or mixed oligonucleotide probes. If mixed probes are used, it is preferable to use tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) instead of SSC.

Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of murine DHFR include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence at least 50% identical, more preferably at least 60% identical, and still more preferably at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the naturally occurring polypeptide.

By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95% “identical” to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention, it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% (5 of 100) of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid.

For sequences where there is not an exact correspondence, a “% identity” may be determined. In general, the two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting “gaps” in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment. A % identity may be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or very similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length.

Methods for comparing the identity and homology of two or more sequences are well known in the art. Thus for instance, programs available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux et al., 1984), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polynucleotides and the % identity and the % homology between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the “local homology” algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences. Other programs for determining identity and/or similarity between sequences are also known in the art, for instance the BLAST family of programs (Altschul et al., 1990), accessible through the home page of the NCBI at world wide web site ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, 1988; Pearson, 1990). It is highly preferred that the % identity between two sequences is determined using the KERR algorithm (Dufresne et al., 2002), for example by using a bioinformatic tool such as e.g. GenePAST.

Preferably, the muteins of the present invention exhibit substantially the same biological activity as the naturally occurring polypeptide to which it corresponds.

2. Nucleic Acids, and Vectors and Host Cells Comprising them

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid that encodes a res-DHFR polypeptide according to the invention.

Preferably, the nucleic acid according to the invention encodes a Puro-DHFR polypeptide. As further used in this specification, the term “Puro-DHFR nucleic acid” refers to such a nucleic acid.

In a preferred embodiment, the Puro-DHFR nucleic acid comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Any procedures known in the art can be used to obtain Puro-DHFR nucleic acids of the present invention. Puro-DHFR nucleic acids can for example be obtained as described in Example 1.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a vector comprising a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention. A vector comprising a res-DHFR nucleic acid is referred to as a “res-DHFR vector”. A vector comprising a Puro-DHFR nucleic acid is referred to as a “Puro-DHFR vector” within the present specification. Preferably, the vector of the invention is an expression vector. The term “vector of the invention” encompasses the term “Puro-DHFR vector”.

The term “vector” is used herein to designate either a circular or a linear DNA or RNA compound, which is either double-stranded or single-stranded, and which comprise at least one polynucleotide of the present invention to be transferred in a cell host or in a unicellular or multicellular host organism. An “expression vector” comprises appropriate signals in the vectors, said signals including various regulatory elements, such as enhancers/promoters from viral, bacterial, plant, mammalian, and other eucaryotic sources that drive expression of the inserted polynucleotide in host cells.

In a most preferred embodiment, the vector of the invention further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest. As shown in example 3, such vectors are particularly useful for screening cells for high expression of said protein of interest.

In accordance with the present invention, the protein of interest may be any polypeptide for which production is desired. The protein of interest may find use in the field of pharmaceutics, agribusiness or furniture for research laboratories. Preferred proteins of interests find use in the field of pharmaceutics.

For example, the protein of interest may be, e.g., a naturally secreted protein, a normally cytoplasmic protein, a normally transmembrane protein, or a human or a humanized antibody. When the protein of interest is a normally cytoplasmic or a normally transmembrane protein, the protein has preferably been engineered in order to become soluble. The polypeptide of interest may be of any origin. Preferred polypeptides of interest are of human origin.

In preferred embodiments, the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, human growth hormone, interferons (e.g., interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b), interferon receptors (e.g., interferon gamma receptor), TNF receptors p55 and p75, interleukins (e.g., interleukin-2, interleukin-11), interleukin binding proteins (e.g., interleukin-18 binding protein), anti-CD11a antibodies, erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pituitary peptide hormones, menopausal gonadotropin, insulin-like growth factors (e.g., somatomedin-C), keratinocyte growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, thrombomodulin, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin, Factor VIII, somatropin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, platelet-derived growth factor, hirudin, epoietin, recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein, glucocerebrosidase, monoclonal antibodies, and muteins, fragments, soluble forms, functional derivatives, fusion proteins thereof.

Preferably, said monoclonal antibody is directed against a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 (e.g. OKT3, NI-0401), CD11a (e.g. efalizumab), CD4 (e.g. zanolimumab, TNX-355), CD20 (e.g. ibritumomab tiuxetan, rituximab, tositumomab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, IMMU-106, TRU-015, AME-133, GA-101), CD23 (e.g. lumiliximab), CD22 (e.g. epratuzumab), CD25 (e.g. basiliximab, daclizumab), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (e.g. panitumumab, cetuximab, zalutumumab, MDX-214), CD30 (e.g MDX-060), the cell surface glycoprotein CD52 (e.g. alemtuzumab), CD80 (e.g. galiximab), the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor (e.g. abciximab), TNF alpha (e.g. infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab), the interleukin-6 receptor (e.g. tocilizumab,), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (e.g. 99 mTc-besilesomab), alpha-4/beta-1 integrin (VLA4) (e.g. natalizumab), alpha-5/beta-1 integrin (VLA5) (e.g. volociximab), VEGF (e.g. bevacizumab, ranibizumab), immunoglobulin E (IgE) (e.g. omalizumab), HER-2/neu (e.g. trastuzumab), the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (e.g. 111In-capromab pendetide, MDX-070), CD33 (e.g. gemtuzumab ozogamicin), GM-CSF (e.g. KB002, MT203), GM-CSF receptor (e.g. CAM-3001), EpCAM (e.g. adecatumumab), IFN-gamma (e.g. NI-0501), IFN-alpha (e.g. MEDI-545/MDX-1103), RANKL (e.g. denosumab), hepatocyte growth factor (e.g. AMG 102), IL-15 (e.g. AMG 714), TRAIL (e.g. AMG 655), insulin-like growth factor receptor (e.g. AMG 479, R1507), IL-4 and IL13 (e.g. AMG 317), BAFF/BLyS receptor 3 (BR3) (e.g. CB1), CTLA-4 (e.g. ipilimumab).

In a preferred embodiment, the vector of the invention is a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest and comprising at least two promoters, one driving the expression of the polypeptide of the invention, and the other one driving the expression of the protein of interest. Such a vector may further comprise enhancer regions, and/or expression promoting sequences such as insulators, boundary elements, LCRs (e.g. described by Blackwood and Kadonaga (1998) or matrix/scaffold attachment regions (e.g. described by Li et al. (1999).

Alternatively, the vector of the invention comprises a promoter that drives both the expression of the gene of interest and the expression of the polypeptide of the invention. In this embodiment the ORF of the polypeptide of the invention is separated from the ORF of the protein of interest by the presence of sequences such as e.g. an internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) or a 2A sequence (de Felipe et al., 2006). When a 2A sequence is used, it is preferred that the Puro-DHFR corresponds to the first ORF (i.e. after the promoter) and that the protein of interest corresponds to the second ORF (i.e. after the 2A sequence). The IRES may be derived from, e.g., a virus or a cellular gene. This embodiment is exemplified by the pCMV(IE1)SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-325 vector shown on FIG. 10, wherein the expression of SEAP gene (8) and of the Puro-DHFR marker (11) is driven by the mCMV(IE1) promoter (5), and wherein the ORFs are separated by an IRES (9).

The term “promoter” as used herein refers to a region of DNA that functions to control the transcription of one or more DNA sequences, and that is structurally identified by the presence of a binding site for DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and of other DNA sequences, which interact to regulate promoter function. A functional expression promoting fragment of a promoter is a shortened or truncated promoter sequence retaining the activity as a promoter. Promoter activity may be measured in any of the assays known in the art, e.g. in a reporter assay using DHFR as reporter gene (Wood et al., 1984; SELIGER and McELROY, 1960; de Wet et al., 1985), or commercially available from Promega®. An “enhancer region” refers to a region of DNA that functions to increase the transcription of one or more genes. More specifically, the term “enhancer”, as used herein, is a DNA regulatory element that enhances, augments, improves, or ameliorates expression of a gene irrespective of its location and orientation vis-á-vis the gene to be expressed, and may be enhancing, augmenting, improving, or ameliorating expression of more than one promoter.

In a preferred embodiment, the vector of the invention comprises at least one promoter of the murine CMV immediate early region. The promoter may for example be the promoter of the mCMV IE1 gene (the “IE1 promoter”), which is known from, e.g., WO 87/03905. The promoter may also be the promoter of the mCMV IE2 gene (the “IE2 promoter”), the mCMV IE2 gene itself being known from, e.g., Messerle et al. (1991). The IE2 promoter and the IE2 enhancer regions are described in details in PCT/EP2004/050280. Preferably, the vector of the invention comprises at least two promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region. More preferably, the two promoters are the IE1 and the IE2 promoters.

In a preferred embodiment, the vector of the invention comprises at least two promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region, wherein one of them drives the expression of a polypeptide of the invention, and the other one drives the expression of a protein of interest.

In another preferred embodiment, the promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region drive the expression of genes encoding a protein of interest, and the Puro-DHFR polypeptide is expressed from an additional expression cassette inserted in the vector backbone. The IE1 and IE2 promoters may drive the expression either of two identical copies of the gene encoding the protein of interest, or of two subunits of a multimeric protein of interest such as antibodies or peptide hormones.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a cell transfected with a res-DHFR nucleic acid of the invention and/or with a res-DHFR vector of the invention. Preferably, said cell is a Puro-DHFR cell transfected with a Puro-DHFR nucleic acid and/or a Puro-DHFR vector. Many cells are suitable in accordance with the present invention, such as primary or established cell lines from a wide variety of eukaryotes including plant and animal cells. Preferably, said cell is a eukaryotic cell. More preferably, said cell is a mammalian cell. Most preferably, said cell is a CHO cell, a human cell, a mouse cell or an hybridoma.

For example, suitable cells include NIH-3T3 cells, COS cells, MRC-5 cells, BHK cells, VERO cells, CHO cells, rCHO-tPA cells, rCHO-Hep B Surface Antigen cells, HEK 293 cells, rHEK 293 cells, rC127-Hep B Surface Antigen cells, CV1 cells, mouse L cells, HT1080 cells, LM cells, YI cells, NS0 and SP2/0 mouse hybridoma cells and the like, RPMI-8226 cells, Vero cells, WI-38 cells, MRC-5 cells, Normal Human fibroblast cells, Human stroma cells, Human hepatocyte cells, human osteosarcoma cells, Namalwa cells, human neuronal cells, human retinoblast cells, PER.C6 cells and other immortalized and/or transformed mammalian cells.

3. Methods of Using the Above Polypeptides and Nucleic Acids

Another aspect relates to the use of a cell comprising a res-DHFR nucleic acid according to the invention for producing a protein of interest. Preferably, said cell comprises a Puro-DHFR vector.

As discussed in Example 3, using a Puro-DHFR polypeptide as a selection and surrogate marker provides numerous advantages for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest. Specifically, since the expression of the Puro-DHFR polypeptide is highly correlated with the expression of the protein of interest, it is advantageous to perform a primary screen for high Puro-DHFR expression, e.g. by FACS. The expression of the protein of interest is assayed in a secondary screen, which is only performed with the best producers isolated further to the primary screen for high Puro-DHFR expression.

Accordingly, another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a polypeptide according to the invention, of a nucleic acid according to the invention or of a vector according to the invention for screening cells for expression or for high expression of a protein of interest. The cells are first screened for high expression of the polypeptide according to the invention (e.g. Puro-DHFR), and expression of the polypeptide according to the invention is then correlated to that of a protein of interest by inference. This allows to rapidly eliminate 80 to 95% of the tested cells based on low expression levels of the polypeptide according to the invention, and to retain the remaining 5-20% for analysis of expression of the gene of interest in a second step.

In the context of the uses and methods of the present invention, the term “high expression” refers to an expression level in a cell that is screened that is higher than in other cells that are screened. “High expression” of a protein is a relative value. For example, final expression levels of recombinant proteins that are commercially produced depend on the protein, annual quantities required and therapeutic dose. During a screening, the expression level of a protein of interest is lower than the final expression level.

A further aspect relates to a method of screening cells for expression or high expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   a) transfecting cells by a an expression vector encoding         res-DHFR;     -   b) selecting cells being resistant to said toxic compound; and     -   c) assaying the fluorescence of the cells selected in step (b)         with a fluorescent compound binding to DHFR.

Preferably, this method of screening cells for expression or high expression of a protein of interest further comprising the step of amplifying said recombinant protein of interest before performing step (c). Such an amplifying step is preferably performed by growing the cells in the presence of methotrexate (MTX). The concentration of methotrexate will vary depending on the cell type. Typically, CHO cells will be grown in a medium comprising about 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or 6000 nM of MTX for gene amplification.

The fluorescence of the cells may be detected using any fluorescently-labelled folate analogue that covalently binds to DHFR. Such fluorescent compounds include, e.g., fluorescent methotrexate (f-MTX) or fluorescent trimethoprim (f-TMP).

In step (c), the fluorescence may be measured using any apparatus well-known in the art such as, e.g., a fluorescence microscope or a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) or the like. Using a FACS is particularly advantageous when performing high-throughput screenings.

In a preferred embodiment, the 20% of cells that exhibit highest fluorescence in step (c) comprise the cell that exhibit highest expression of said protein of interest. Preferably, the 10% of cells that exhibit highest fluorescence in step (c) comprise the cell that exhibits highest expression of said protein of interest. Most preferably, the 1% or the 5% of cells that exhibit highest fluorescence in step (c) comprise the cell that exhibits highest expression of said protein of interest.

Any number of cells may be screened by such a method. Preferably, the fluorescence of at least 1, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 or 10,000,000 cells is assayed in step (c). Most preferably, a population of cells sufficient for obtaining at least 1,000 to 10,000,000 independent transfectants being resistant to puromycin is screened. Out of these, at least 10 to 1,000,000 candidate clones being resistant to puromycin can further be assayed for fluorescence.

The cells obtained at the end of the above screening method may be ranked relative to each other regarding res-DHFR expression. The cells exhibiting the highest fluorescence may be selected at the end of any of the above methods of screening. For example, individual cells exhibiting DHFR activity corresponding to the top 5-20% of res-DHFR expressors are selected for further analysis of expression of the gene of interest in a subsequent step.

In a preferred embodiment, the above screening method further comprises the step of (d) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (c), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting highest fluorescence in step (c). About 5% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (c) may be selected based on highest res-DHFR activity. Alternatively, about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% to about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80% of the cells assayed in step (c) may be selected based on highest res-DHFR activity.

Steps (b) (i.e. selecting resistant cells), (c) (i.e. assaying the fluorescence) and (d) (i.e. selecting the most fluorescent cells) may be iteratively repeated on the population selected at the end of step (d). For example, at least 2, 3, 5 or 10 iterations may be carried out. This may be done with or without changing conditions in between the selection steps. Changing conditions may include e.g. increasing MTX concentration to induce gene amplification or varying culture conditions such as media components or physico-chemical parameters.

Upon selection of the cells exhibiting the highest fluorescence, the expression level of the protein of interest in said selected cells may further be assayed.

Then, the about 1% to about 20% of the cells exhibiting the highest expression of said protein of interest may be selected. For example, about 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% to about 15%, 18% or 20% of the cells exhibiting the highest expression of said protein of interest may be selected. Preferably, the cell exhibiting the highest expression of said protein of interest is selected. This selection based on expression of the protein of interest is preferably performed after the last iteration of step (d) (i.e. the last selection based on fluorescence).

A further aspect of the invention pertains to a method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) screening cells according to the above method; and     -   b) establishing a cell line from said cells.

As used herein, a “cell line” refers to one specific type of cell that can grow in a laboratory. A cell line can usually be grown in a permanently established cell culture, and will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space. Methods of establishing cell lines from isolated cells are well-known by those of skill in the art.

Another aspect relates to a method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   a) culturing a cell line obtained as described above under         conditions which permit expression of said protein of interest;         and     -   b) collecting said protein of interest.

Conditions which permit expression of the protein of interest can easily be established by one of skill in the art by standard methods. For example, the conditions disclosed in Example 3.3.1 may be used.

In a preferred embodiment, the above method of producing a protein of interest further comprises the step of purifying said protein of interest. The purification may be made by any technique well-known by those of skill in the art. In the case of a protein of interest for use in the field of pharmaceutics, the protein of interest is preferably formulated into a pharmaceutical composition.

The invention further pertains to the use of a res-DHFR polypeptide for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, to the use of a res-DHFR nucleic acid for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, and to the use of a res-DHFR vector for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest. The res-DHFR polypeptide, nucleic acid or vector preferably is a Puro-DHFR polypeptide, nucleic acid or vector.

Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation.

While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

All references cited herein, including journal articles or abstracts, published or unpublished U.S. or foreign patent application, issued U.S. or foreign patents or any other references, are entirely incorporated by reference herein, including all data, tables, figures and text presented in the cited references. Additionally, the entire contents of the references cited within the references cited herein are also entirely incorporated by reference.

Reference to known method steps, conventional methods steps, known methods or conventional methods is not any way an admission that any aspect, description or embodiment of the present invention is disclosed, taught or suggested in the relevant art.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art (including the contents of the references cited herein), readily modify and/or adapt for various application such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Protocols 1.1. Construction of the Puro-DHFR Nucleic Acid

The constructs described herebelow are depicted in FIG. 1. All constructs are based on the pGL3-basic plasmid backbone (Promega).

The fusion protein between the puromycin resistance gene and wild type murine DHFR was obtained by recombinant PCR. Part of the poliovirus IRES and the complete puromycin resistance gene ORF (omitting the stop codon) that are present in vector pmCMV(IE1)-SEAP-IRES-PuroR-p279 were amplified by PCR using primers of SEQ ID Nos. 7 and 8 and a high fidelity DNA polymerase (HS—KOD; Novagen). The wild-type murine DHFR ORF and part of the SV40 late polyadenylation signal present in plasmid pSV40-DHFR (p1474) were amplified using primers of SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 10.

To generate the fusion Puro-DHFR marker, the resulting PCR products were mixed and reamplified using primers of SEQ ID Nos. 7 and 10 and cloned into a vector wherein the murine IE1 promoter drives the expression of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene (SEAP) and the Puro-DHFR selection marker is expressed as the second cistron placed downstream of the poliovirus IRES. The integrity of all elements amplified by PCR was verified by sequencing. This vector is further referred to as pmCMV(IE1)-SEAP-IRES-Puro/DHFR-p325 or p325.

1.2. Transfection and Cell Culture

The protocol for selecting stable transfectants is schematized in FIG. 2.

CHO—S cells were derived from the Chinese hamster ovaries and adapted to serum-free suspension culture (Invitrogen/Gibco, La Jolla, Calif.). CHO DX11-F10 is a cell line derived from the DHFR-deficient CHO DUKXB11 cell line (Urlaub et al. 1980) that was adapted to growth in suspension in serum-free media. Both cells are routinely cultivated in ProCho5 (Lonza Biologics). The medium for cultivation of DXB11-F10 cells was supplemented with hypoxanthine (100 μM) and thymidine (16 μM) (HT supplement; Invitrogen/Gibco) unless the contrary is indicated.

CHO—S and DXB11-F10 cells were transfected using polyethylenimine (linear PEI 25 kd). Cells were plated in 6-well plates in 2.5 mL RPMI-1640 (Invitrogen/Gibco) plus 0.05% Pluronic F68 (Sigma) at a concentration of 5×10⁵ cells per mL. 5 μg of linearized plasmid DNA in 250 μl of 150 mM NaCl was mixed with a solution of 15 μl of 1 mM linear PEI25 diluted in 250 μl of 150 mM NaCl. The PEI:DNA complexes were allowed to form for 5 minutes at room temperature and are then added to the cells. After 3 hours the transfection medium is replaced with serum-free culture medium.

48 hours post-transfection selection was applied and the medium changed 2 times per week until cells recovered and cell viability was greater than 90%.

For selection, puromycin was used at 10 μg/ml and the folate analogue methotrexate (Calbiochem) was used at a concentration of 50 to 100 nM.

For amplification studies, clones were first obtained by limited dilution at 0.3 cell per well in 384-well plates under selection with puromycin at 10 μg/ml. Clones were then cultivated for 4 weeks under selection with puromycin (10 μg/ml) or puromycin plus methotrexate (100 nM). Genomic DNA was then extracted and reporter gene copy number was determined by QPCR.

1.3. Determination of Reporter Gene Expression by SEAP Assay

Stably transfected cell pools were seeded at 2.5×10⁵ cells/ml in 125 ml shake-flasks and grown for up to 7 days in batch culture. Cell culture media was harvested at various time points and to avoid day-to-day variation in the SEAP measurements the samples were kept at −20° C. until analysis. Relative SEAP activity was determined in a kinetic enzyme assay. 10 μl of serial dilutions of media in hepes-buffered saline solution (HBSS) were added to a 96-well plate then 100 μl of a Phosphatase Substrate Solution (Pierce) was added to each well and readings of OD at 405 nM were taken at regular time intervals. Only the linear window of the plot OD vs. time was considered for analysis.

1.4. Determination of Gene Copy Number by QPCR.

Genomic DNA was isolated using the GenElute Mammalian Genomic DNA Miniprep kit (Sigma) according to the manufacturer's instructions and quantified spectrophotometrically. For determination of gene copy number 10 ng of genomic DNA were analyzed by quantitative PCR with the 7500 Real-Time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems) using standard cycling conditions in a multiplex assay. A puromycin-specfic TagMan probe was used to detect the reporter construct and second TagMan probe, detecting the hamster glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an endogenous control. A standard curve was generated using genomic DNA from cell lines in which the puromycin gene copy number had been determined by Southern blot.

The oligonucleotides had the sequences of SEQ ID Nos. 11, 12 and of FAM-SEQ ID NO: 13-BHQ1 for detection of the puromycin acetyltransferase gene, and of SEQ ID Nos. 14, 15 and of YY-SEQ ID NO: 16-BHQ1 for detection of the GAPDH gene. FAM and YY are abbreviations for fluorophores 5-carboxyfluorescein and Yakima Yellow respectively (Epoch Biosciences). BHQ1 ™ (Biosearch Technologies, Inc) is a quencher linked to the 3′ of the TagMan probes.

Core PCR reagents were from Applied Biosystems and 96-well detection plates were obtained from AxonLab.

1.5. Determination of Relative Reporter Gene Expression by Reverse Transcriptase-QPCR.

Total RNA was isolated from ˜5×10⁶ cells using the NucleoSpin RNA II kit (Macherey-Nagel)-which includes a DNase treatment step—and RNA concentration was determined spectrophotometrically at 260 nm.

Relative quantification of the reporter expression was performed by One-Step Reverse Transcriptase-QPCR (One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix Reagent; Applied Biosystems) on 25 ng of total RNA using the Puro and GAPDH primers and TagMan probes described above. GAPDH served as an endogenous control. The amounts of the reporter mRNA were calculated by the ΔΔCt method and expressed relative to the pool p279 (selected with puromycin only).

1.6. Labeling with Fluorescein-Methotrexate

2.5−5×10⁵ cells were incubated over-night at 29° C. in 0.5 mL of culture medium containing 10 mM fluorescein-labeled methotrexate (F-MTX, Molecular Probes/Invitrogen). Labeled cells were washed in serum-free culture medium and images were recorded using a fluorescence microscope (Olympus CKX41 microscope equipped with a DP50 digital camera) using a FITC filter set.

Example 2 Puro-DHFR is a Quadrifunctional Marker

2.1. Puro-DHFR Confers Resistance to Puromycin to the Transfected Cells (i.e. Puro-DHFR has Puromycin Acetyltransferase Activity)

CHO DXB11-F10 cells were transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR as described in Example 1.2. As shown on FIG. 3, the Puro-DHFR selection marker confers puromycin resistance to the transfected cells.

2.2. Puro-DHFR Allows Growth in Absence of Ht (i.e. Puro-DHFR has DHFR Activity)

DHFR-deficient cells deficient are sensitive to MTX and require the presence of HT (Hypoxanthine and Thymidine) in the culture medium for growth.

DHFR-deficient CHO DXB11-F10 cells were transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR as described in Example 1.2. As shown on FIG. 3, the Puro-DHFR selection marker allows growth of p325-transfected DXB11-F10 cells in the absence of HT.

2.3. Puro-DHFR Induces Gene Amplification

CHO—S cells, which endogenously express DHFR, were transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR as described in Example 1.2. The cells were selected in the presence of puromycin (10 μg/ml). Clones were obtained by limited dilution of the resistant population. Interestingly, the experiments shown here demonstrate that Puro-DHFR selection and amplification is feasible in CHO—S cells despite its endogenous DHFR background expression.

Twenty randomly selected clones were cultivated either in the presence of puromycin (10 μg/ml) or in the presence of puromycin and 100 nM MTX for 4 weeks in order to test for gene amplification.

The gene copy number was then determined for pools of transformed cells as described in Example 1.4. As shown on FIG. 8, amplification of gene copy number depends upon selection with MTX. In 3 of 20 clones re-selected with puromycin plus MTX at 100 nM (circled) reporter copy number is increased compared to selection with puromycin only, demonstrating the potential for gene amplification.

2.4. Puro-DHFR can be Detected Through its Fluorescence

FIG. 5 shows labeling with fluorescent methotrexate of CHO DXB11-F10 cells transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR. Florescence was detected as described in Example 1.6. The untransfected DXB11-F10 cells are much less fluorescent than the transfected ones. In addition, higher selection pressure in presence of MTX (50 nM) leads to increased expression of the puro-DHFR selection marker and more intense cell labeling.

FIG. 7 shows labeling with fluorescent methotrexate of CHO—S cells transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR. The background levels of fluorescence in pools of CHO—S p279 (expressing only the endogenous DHFR gene) is significantly lower than fluorescence in pools of CHO—S p325 cells selected at high levels of MTX.

Thus Puro-DHFR can be detected both in DHFR+ (CHO—S) and in DHFR− (CHO-DXB11-F10) cells.

Example 3 Puro-DHFR is a Surrogate Marker Useful for Screening for Cells Expressing High Levels of a Protein of Interest 3.1. Puro-DHFR Allows Isolating Clones Expressing High Levels of a Protein of Interest

DXB11-F10 cells were transfected with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR. This vector additionally comprises SEAP as a reporter gene (protein of interest). Stable pools were selected in presence or in the absence of MTX, and expression of SEAP was measured as described in Example 1.3. As shown on FIG. 4, pools selected in the presence of MTX exhibited about 2-fold higher SEAP expression than pools selected with puromycin or in absence of HT only. CHO—S cells were transfected either with the p325 vector encoding Puro-DHFR or with the p279 vector encoding puromycin N-acetyltransferase and SEAP. Stable pools were selected in presence of puromycin and of 0, 50 or 100 nM MTX. Expression of SEAP was measured at day 7 both as described in Example 1.3a and in Example 1.5. FIG. 6 shows that increased selection pressure of CHO—S p325 stable pool with puromycin plus MTX (100 nM) leads to significantly higher expression of SEAP protein, both at the protein level (A) and at the mRNA level (B).

Thus the puro-DHFR marker allows isolating clones expressing higher levels of the SEAP protein than prior art markers such as puromycin N-acetyltransferase.

3.2. Puro-DHFR can be Used as a Surrogate Marker in High-Throughput Screenings

Puro-DHFR is used as a selective and surrogate marker to establish and screen candidate clones with a vector expressing both Puro-DHFR and the protein of interest. After transfection, selection and amplification, a primary screen is done by FACS for fluorescence (i.e. high Puro-DHFR expression) with a high probability of selecting clones that also exhibit high gene of interest expression. Then a second screen is performed for expression of the protein of interest, possibly directly by ELISA.

Using Puro-DHFR in high throughput screening (HTS) thus allows keeping the same chance for selecting high expressing clones, and allow reducing time and resources. In addition, it is important to note that the fusion of two individual enzymes with so different activities and origins surprisingly retains their function in Puro-DHFR as it is described here. Indeed, Puro-DHFR can truly be used to provide selectivity in stable transfection, act as an amplifiable gene, and act as a surrogate marker for screening candidate clones for high expression of a gene of interest.

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1-35. (canceled)
 36. A method of screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: a) transfecting cells by a an expression vector encoding (i) a chimeric protein comprising a functional fragment of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) fused to a fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound or conferring a metabolic advantage; and (ii) a protein of interest; b) selecting cells being resistant to said toxic compound or gaining said metabolic advantage; and c) assaying the fluorescence of the cells selected in step (b) with a fluorescent compound binding to DHFR, wherein said fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound is not DHFR or a fragment thereof.
 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of amplifying said recombinant protein of interest before performing step (c).
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said amplifying step is performed by growing the cells in the presence of methotrexate (MTX).
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein said fluorescent compound binding to DHFR is fluorescent methotrexate (f-MTX) or fluorescent trimethoprim (f-TMP).
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein said chimeric protein is a Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprising a fragment of puromycin N-acetyl transferase fused to said fragment of DHFR, wherein said polypeptide exhibits: a) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; and b) dihydrofolate reductase activity.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said fragment of puromycin N-acetyl transferase is derived from Streptomyces alboniger.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein said fragment of puromycin N-acetyl transferase comprises the sequence of amino acids 1 to 199 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 43. The method of claim 36, wherein said fragment of DHFR is of murine origin.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said fragment of DHFR comprises the sequence of amino acids 2 to 385 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 45. The method of claim 36, wherein said fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of DHFR.
 46. The method of claim 36, wherein said fragment of DHFR is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment conferring resistance to a toxic compound.
 47. The method of claim 36, wherein said chimeric protein comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 48. The method of claim 36, wherein said protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human luteinizing hormone (r-hLH), interferon beta-1a (IFN-1a) and human growth hormone (rhGHm).
 49. The method of claim 36, wherein the fluorescence is measured either using a fluorescence microscope or a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS).
 50. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of: d) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells exhibiting the highest fluorescence activity in step (c).
 51. The method of claim 50, further comprising the step of repeating steps (b), (c) and (d) at least 2, 3, 5 or 10 times.
 52. The method of claim 50, further comprising the step of: e) assaying the expression level of the protein of interest in the cells selected at the end of the last step (d).
 53. The method of claim 52, further comprising the step of: f) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells exhibiting the highest expression of said protein of interest.
 54. A method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: a) screening cells according to the method of claim 52; and b) establishing a cell line from said cells.
 55. A method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: a) culturing a cell line obtained according to the method of claim 54 under conditions which permit expression of said protein of interest; and b) collecting said protein of interest.
 56. The method of claim 55, further comprising the step of purifying said protein of interest.
 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising the step of formulating said protein of interest into a pharmaceutical composition.
 58. A composition of matter comprising: a) a Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprising a fragment of puromycin N-acetyl transferase fused to a fragment of murine DHFR, wherein said Puro-DHFR polypeptide exhibits: (i) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; and (ii) dihydrofolate reductase activity; b) a Puro-DHFR polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein said Puro-DHFR polypeptide exhibits: (i) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; and (ii) dihydrofolate reductase activity; c) a nucleic acid encoding the Puro-DHFR polypeptide of a) or b); d) a vector comprising the nucleic acid of c); or e) an isolated cell comprising a nucleic acid as set forth in c);
 59. The composition of matter of claim 58, wherein said composition of matter is a vector and said vector is an expression vector further comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest.
 60. The composition of matter of claim 59, wherein said vector comprises at least two promoters, one driving the expression of said Puro-DHFR polypeptide, and the other one driving the expression of said protein of interest.
 61. The composition of matter of claim 59, wherein the nucleic acid encoding said Puro-DHFR polypeptide is driven by the same promoter as the nucleic acid encoding said protein of interest, and wherein said vector comprises either an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or a 2A sequence located between said nucleic acids.
 62. The composition of matter of claim 58, wherein said composition of matter is a cell and is selected from the group consisting of a human cell, a CHO cell, a murine cell and a hybridoma. 